Space infection in the Oral and Maxillofacial region is common from odontogenic origin especially in the immunocompromised patients. Ludwig's angina which is relatively uncommon remains a potentially life-threatening condition due to the risk of impending airway obstruction. Thus, because of its invasive nature, early identification and management of Ludwig's angina is extremely important.

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Pulp vitality is extremely important for the tooth viability, since it provides nutrition and acts as biosensor to detect pathogenic stimuli. Treatment of the young permanent tooth with a necrotic root canal system and an incompletely developed root is very difficult. Few acceptable results have been achieved through apexification, but use of long-term calcium hydroxide might alter the mechanical properties of dentin. Regenerative endodontic procedures aim at the regeneration of pulp and dentin of the injured teeth. The present article reviews the recent approach of pulp revascularization and provides an overview of its methods with possible future potential of regenerating pulp as a routine dental procedure in pediatric dentistry.

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Background: Dental caries is the most prevalent disease worldwide, and is caused by a complex interaction of tooth susceptibility, nutrition, and oral environment. The relationship between sugar intake, which includes the type of sugar being consumed, and the prevalence of dental caries has long been a subject of dispute. Aim: Aim of this study was to determine the effect of sugar types, frequency of sugar intake and oral hygiene practices on dental caries among school children of both genders aged 5-11 years from Bangalore North. Methods: A specially designed questionnaire was used to collect information regarding type of sugar intake, frequency of sugar consumption and the regularity of tooth brushing among children. All the children were examined clinically to assess their dmft/DMFT score. The obtained data was analyzed using ANOVA and Student's t-test. Results: The mean ± SD values of dmft and DMFT in children taking candies were 3.03 ± 2.66 and 0.33 ± 0.64 respectively. The mean ± SD value of dmft and DMFT in children with tooth brushing once daily was 2.55 ± 2.51 and 0.28 ± 0.77 respectively, while that in children with tooth brushing twice daily was 1.67 ± 1.98 and 0.21 ± 0.66 respectively. Hard candies were found to be more risky in causing dental caries than soft drinks or ice cream. Conclusion: From the results of our study, there was a direct association between the frequency of sugar consumption and dental caries and tooth brushing practice can minimize the severity and prevalence of dental caries.

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Background: The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of odontogenic cysts (OCs) and tumors over a period of 5 years and 5 months and to compare with other national and international studies. Materials and Methods: Data for the study were obtained from the reports of patients diagnosed with OCs and tumors between 2007 and 2012. Case records of the patients that fit the histological classification of the World Health Organization (2005) were included in the study and the following variables were analyzed: Age, sex, anatomical location, and histological type. Results: In a total of 1331 biopsies OCs accounted for 9.6% and odontogenic tumors (OTs) 5.7% among all the lesions. Mean age of occurrence was 41.5 years for OCs and 39.5 years for OTs. Of them 57.6% of the patients were males. Most common OC was dentigerous cyst and tumor was ameloblastoma. Conclusion: This study provides epidemiological information on OCs and tumors at an institutional level. The relative frequency of these cysts and tumors can be analyzed at a global level to understand their prevalence, incidence biological behavior, and distribution.

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Treatment of Crown root fracture extending subgingivally has problems like isolation, maintenance of biological width and restoration. In order to eliminate these problems, various treatment procedures such as Crown lengthening, orthodontic or surgical extrusion are done with reasonable success rates. This article discusses two cases of Crown root fracture, treated with intra alveolar transplantation with 180΀ rotation, which provides the advantage of exposing the fracture line above epithelial attachment, maintain biological width and achieve a good finish line.Twelve months follow-up clinically and radiographically reveal acceptable results with no obvious signs and symptoms of failure, with the patient having normal function and esthetics.

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Introduction: The standard procedure of rinsing impressions under running tap water immediately after removal from the mouth eliminates cross contamination along with most saliva and blood. However not all micro-organisms are removed, they can be a source of infection. Surface disinfection to inactivate infectious agents would reduce the potential for disease transmission to dental personnel from contaminated impressions. Aim and Objectives: The objective was to evaluate the effect of disinfection on gypsum casts retrieved from disinfected addition and condensation silicone impressions by spray and immersion methods using various disinfectants. Materials and Methods: Twenty four impressions of each type of silicone material were made from a master model. In each group, 18 of the impressions were disinfected, while the other 6 impressions were considered as a control. The impressions were then rinsed for approximately 10 s under cold tap water and disinfected by an immersion or spray method for 10 min. All impressions were poured in Type IV die stone using a double-pour technique. Results: The dimensional stability of the impressions was evaluated using a travelling microscope and the surface roughness (Ra) was assessed using a perthometer (M1 - Mahs). The means of dimensions and surface roughness were calculated and statistically analyzed using ANOVA. Conclusion: The disinfection procedure didn't show significant changes on dimensional stability and surface roughness of gypsum casts retrieved from disinfected addition and condensation silicone impressions by immersion and spray methods.

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Aim: The aim of the prospective clinical study was to evaluate the efficacy of "solitary lag-screw fixation" in treating mandibular angle fractures. Materials and Methods: Five cases of mandibular angle fracture were taken up for the study. All cases were treated with solitary lag-screw technique according to principles outlined by this technique using 2.7 mm stainless steel screws. Postoperative complications such as wound dehiscence, infection, neurosensory disturbance, mal-occlusion, nonunion, and postoperative mouth opening were recorded for follow-up of 6 months. Observation and Results: The patients were evaluated postoperatively for 6 months. All the cases achieved long-term occlusal stability, interincisal opening of 35-45 mm, and showed no signs of infection or neurosensory disturbance. Conclusion: Solitary lag-screw fixation is an effective and simple procedure in producing good treatment results for angle fractures of mandible, but is technique sensitive and requires surgical expertise.

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Aim: p53 and p63 are the important genes associated with oral cancer. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the immunohistochemical expression of p53 and p63 in oral epithelial dysplasia and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Materials and Methods: Immunohistochemical expression of p53 and p63 was graded in total of 60 archival cases, which included 30 cases of oral epithelial dysplasia (10 cases each of mild, moderate, and severe dysplasia) and 30 cases of oral SCC (10 cases each of well-differentiated, moderately differentiated, and poorly differentiated SCC). Results: Our study showed statistical significant difference on comparison of p53 and p63 expression in oral epithelial dysplasia. In oral SCC cases, p53 and p63 did not show significant correlation in expression. Conclusions: Our study demonstrated a progression in expression of p53 and p63 along the grades of oral epithelial dysplasia to SCC, suggesting their role in stages of carcinogenesis. However, p53 and p63 may have independent role in oral tumorigenesis.

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Purpose: Dentin desensitizing agents are commonly used in dental practice. But their effect on crown retention have been anecdotal. This study compared and evaluated the effect of two desensitizing agents on the retention of cast crowns cemented with three commonly used luting cements. Materials and Methods: Recently extracted 81 maxillary first premolars were prepared with flat occlusal surface, 6-degree taper and 4-mm axial height using a custom made paralleling milling device. The prepared teeth were divided into three major groups and further sub-divided into three groups each. GC Tooth Mousse and Seal and Protect were two desensitizing agents. Zinc Phosphate cement, Glass Ionomer Cement and Resin Modified Glass Ionomer Cement were the three cements used. Impressions of the prepared teeth were made and casted with a loop using base metal alloy. The desensitizers were applied on the tooth except the control group, castings were cemented, thermo-cycled and removed along the path of insertion using a universal testing machine. The results were analyzed using Kruskal - Wallis test and Mann - Whitney U test. Results: Resin Modified Glass Ionomer Cement exhibited highest retentive strength of all tested group and Zinc phosphate cement being the least. Retentive strength for Resin modified Glass Ionomer Cement was, Control>with Tooth Mousse> with Seal and protect. For Glass Ionomer Cement, Control > with Tooth Mousse > with Seal and Protect. The lowest of retentive strength was for Zinc phosphate which were Control > with Seal and Protect > with Tooth Mousse. Conclusion: The use of Tooth Mousse desensitizer significantly reduced the retention of Zinc Phosphate. Both tooth mouse and Seal and protect did not affect the retentive property of Glass Ionomer cement and Resin Modified Glass Ionomer Cement significantly, hence can be advocated to use prior to crown cementation.

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Long-term survival of head and neck cancer patients has not significantly improved in the last 30-year, in spite of advances in therapy. An important reason for this lack of progress is the development of second primary tumors (SPTs) in the upper aerodigestive tract. To account for the development of multiple (multicentric) primary tumors in the oral cavity, the concept of field cancerization by Slaughter can be interpreted in various ways to explain this phenomenon of SPTs. The frequency of developing synchronous and metachronous carcinomas in the head and neck mucosal sites ranges from 8% to 21%. These SPTs are usually more aggressive, more treatment resistant, and metastasizes early, requiring a more aggressive treatment strategy and hence the early detection is important. Here, we report a case of synchronous oral squamous cell carcinomas in a female patient, which was poorly differentiated histologically and was confirmed by immunohistochemical analysis.

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Advances in the field of dentistry in the last millennium and in the present decade have brought about revolutionary changes in the way we understand and treat diseases. The stem cells are one of the most favorable areas of biology. The breakthrough in stem cell research holds significant promise for clinical application in human patients to regenerate human cells, which are damaged due to illness, developmental defects, and accidents. This article takes you on a sojourn of the stem cells, their characteristics, sources, their potential applications and possible barriers of its application along with the overview of where dentistry stands in this field.

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Tooth agenesis is the most common dental anomaly. The agenesis of permanent teeth can seriously affect children both physically and emotionally, especially during the years of transition into adolescence. This clinical report illustrates the oral rehabilitation of 12-year-old patient with multiple congenitally missing teeth using removable denture. The presented case reports an unusual occurrence of multiple missing teeth in a nonsyndromic patient and the treatment protocol for managing these conditions. This case is significant in three ways. First being a nonsyndromic case of missing 15 permanent teeth. Second a rare case of missing first maxillary permanent molars and third being the presence of bilateral submerged tooth.

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Adenoid cystic carcinoma is a rare cancer that arises in major and minor salivary glands with an affinity for nerve invasion. The most common malignancies associated with head and neck and perineural spread are tumors of the minor salivary glands, mucosal and cutaneous origin. However, it is the commonest malignant tumor salivary glands, the palate being the commonest site. A 45-years old female patient reported with an asymptomatic growth over left lateral border of the tongue; since last three months. Computed tomography scan revealed the nature of the growth was malignant. An incisional biopsy was performed. Another 45-years old female patient reported with complaints of pain and swelling over palate since last one month. Clinical examination revealed a large multi-lobulated growth over left side of palate. Provisional diagnosis as a salivary gland neoplasm was given. An incisional biopsy was performed. Histological examination confirmed the diagnosis as adenoid cystic carcinoma of tongue as well as of palate for case one and two respectively and both the case were referred to surgical excision of tumors and advised for periodic follow up. Adenoid cystic carcinoma is a slowly growing but highly invasive cancer with high recurrence rate. Lymphatic spread to local lymph nodes is rare. Pleomorphic adenoma with cribriform pattern and polymorphous low grade adenocarcinoma should be considered in the differential diagnosis since they present similarities in the histological pattern. Surgery is the cornerstone of treatment, and its extension depends primarily on the size of the tumor.

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Unicystic ameloblastoma is one of the placid jaw tumors comprising about 6-15% of ameloblastoma, it stands unexampled when it comes to the pathomorphological features. We discuss a case of unicystic ameloblastoma that is consonant with the nondentigerous multilocular unicystic ameloblastoma. The case was initially misdiagnosed as ameloblastic fibroma in a private diagnostic centre. Upon examining the resected specimen, we derived at the diagnosis of unicystic ameloblastoma, 1.2.3 type. The age of our case is also akin to the previous literature.

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