Anterior teeth trauma is a common event among school children and teenagers. The reattachment of dental fragments is a conservative treatment and should be considered in the restoration of anterior teeth fractures. In most dental trauma, a rapid and appropriate treatment can lessen its impact from both oral health and an esthetic standpoint. The purpose of this paper is to describe a successful, esthetic reattachment of a coronal fragment of a complicated crown root fracture of permanent maxillary right central incisor.

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Face is an important part of one's personality and body image. Facial disfigurement can have extremely negative psychological impact on any individual, which may include feeling of being ugly, deformed, disfigured, and complete loss of self-confidence. A facial prosthesis is fabricated to restore any such anatomical compromise, which can be congenital, due to trauma or oral/facial malignancies. Patients who need such prosthesis usually present a wide array of rehabilitation challenges mainly associated with restoring normal appearance. The following case report illustrates the prosthetic rehabilitation of a 9-year-old boy who was diagnosed with basal cell carcinoma of the nose and underwent partial rhinectomy. Surgical reconstruction was also done for the same, which was unsuccessful due to failure of graft. This led to loss of right lateral ala of the nose and depression of the upper half of the bridge of the nose. This case was then prosthetically managed with a spectacle retained nasal prosthesis made up of acrylic.

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Aim: Traumatic dental injury (TDI) in school children has become a serious dental public health problem in developing and developed countries. Worldwide research clearly shows that the prevalence of TDI is increasing. However, hardly any epidemiological data of TDI in central India is available for clinical audit, service management, planning of future services, and effective targeting of preventive measures. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and to evaluate the risk and etiological factors associated with TDI. Materials and Methods: A total of randomly selected 2000 boys and girls aged 12-14 years were included from 20 randomly selected schools. Two calibrated examiners examined the school children under day light using the World Health Organization, (1978) classification of tooth fracture. Examination was done for competent and incompetent lip and overjet using community periodontal index probe. Children were interviewed for demographic profile and history of injury. Result: The prevalence of TDI is found to be 10.5%. Boys experience more injury than girls; 11.61% and 9.47%, respectively. The result showed a positive association between risk factors (overjet more than 5 mm and inadequate lip coverage) and TDI. Maxillary central incisors were commonly injured involving enamel fracture. The major cause of TDI was fall, followed by sports and violence. Conclusion: Children with overjet >5 mm and inadequate lip coverage were more likely to have TDI. There is a need to collect local data on TDI to obtain a more comprehensive picture of dental health.

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Background: The oral health of the disabled may be neglected because of the disability condition, demanding diseases or limited access to oral health care. It has been reported that dental treatment is the greatest unattended health need of the disabled. Aim: Present study was conducted to assess the prevalence of dental caries and treatment needs among hearing and speech impaired children in Shimla city, Himachal Pradesh. Materials and Methods: 202 institutionalised subjects aged 5-22 years attending special school were examined. Data was recorded using modified WHO survey 1997 proforma. Dentition status and treatment needs using DMFT, DMFS, dmft, dmfs were recorded. The data was analysed using the software version 15 (SPSS Inc. Chicago). ANOVA, chi-square test and multiple regressions were applied appropriately. Results: Among study subjects, largest component of DMFT was the D component, with a mean of 1.47. Highest mean DMFS was recorded for the age group 18-22 years. Missing surfaces and filled surfaces did not account for a major proportion. Mean dmft and dmfs scores were 1.04 and 1.73, respectively. Out of 202 subjects examined, 182 (90.1%) required treatment. One surface restoration was the most common treatment required followed by two surface restorations, pit and fissure sealants and pulp care. Conclusion: High prevalence of dental caries among special children is a highly alarming situation and needs immediate attention. Filled teeth are very less, which reflects the provision, and availing of dental care is almost negligible. Awareness should be created among parents and teachers by oral health educators about the importance of oral health and regular dental checkup.

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Background: Pediatric liquid medications (PLM) are the preferred form of medication for young children and contain 'hidden sugars' that increase their cariogenic potential especially in high risk patients. Aims: To assess the general practices followed by parents in the use of common Pediatric liquid medications (PLM), knowledge of dosages, frequency of consumption, side effects and impact on oral health. Settings and Design: The sample comprised of the parents of children visiting the Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry D.A. Pandu Memorial R.V. Dental College, Bangalore. The parents of children up to 8 years of age who preferred liquid medication were included in the study. Subjects and Methods: Questionnaire provided to the parents visiting the Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, D.A.P.M.R.V. Dental College, Bangalore. Statistical analysis used: Results are presented in the form of n and % Results: The parental knowledge about PLM use is limited and the oral health of children on frequent use of PLM's is adversely affected especially in high risk patients. Conclusions: Inadvertent and injudicious use of PLM's should be avoided. The parents should be well informed about their usage, side effects and alternate options available.

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Periodontitis is a multifactorial disease caused by pathogenic microorganisms but modified by host response and environmental factors. Most of microorganisms responsible for periodontal destruction are obligatory or facultative anaerobes. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) includes therapeutic administration of 100% oxygen under pressure, which has a deleterious effect on anaerobic microorganisms responsible for periodontal diseases. This review focuses on the role of HBOT as a therapeutic measure for individual with periodontal diseases.

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Surgical lasers have been well accepted by all disciplines of healing arts as useful adjunct to care of patients. The attitude toward their use has changed from one of "gee-whiz" appreciation for modern technology to that of acceptance of lasers as standard surgical instruments. The applications of Laser technology in dentistry and medicine have now entered the age of sophisticated and rational treatment. This presentation is an attempt to distil our experience with the patients in various periodontal soft and hard tissue procedures such as biopsies, frenectomies, white lesions, vesicullobulous lesions, preprosthetic surgery and dentinal hypersensitivity with the use of Carbon dioxide laser. Laser device used for all intra oral procedures in the presentation is LASERSAT ^TM Carbon dioxide Laser Manufactured by SATELAC ^R . Dental Laser safety and protection protocol was strictly followed. All patients responded well to Laser treatment with complete healing of lesions with no post operative complications. No recurrence of any lesion was reported at follow up visits. Lasers have become an integral part of periodontal surgeons' armamentarium. They have proved to be useful as adjunct to conventional treatment modalities in various soft and hard tissue intraoral procedures with better patient acceptance.

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Taurodontism, a disturbance of normal developmental of teeth where teeth lack normal constriction at the cervix with abnormally large rectangular tooth structure and pulp chambers. This anomaly can be noted in both permanent as well as deciduous dentition. In deciduous dentition, the prevalence is very low. This paper reports two cases of taurodontism in the deciduous dentition.

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Myoepithelioma (ME) is a rare benign tumor of the salivary glands and is usually seen in the parotid gland and the minor salivary glands of the soft palate and represents <1% of all salivary gland tumors. It was once considered to be a type of pleomorphic adenoma, but MEs are today believed to be relatively more aggressive. There are distinct histological and immunohistochemical characteristics of the tumor which aid in the diagnosis. The present case report describes an asymptomatic mass that arose in the floor of the mouth of a 59-year-old female patient which is a very rare location. An analysis of the immunohistochemical profile of the tumor cells showed positivity for S-100 protein and pancytokeratin. MEs should be considered in the differential diagnosis of swellings of the floor of the mouth along with several benign and malignant soft tissue neoplasms.

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The melanotic neuroectodermal tumor of infancy (MNTI) is a fairly rare, benign, pigmented lesion with a rapid expansile growth and a high recurrence rate that commonly occurs in the anterior maxilla of infants younger than 1 year and mainly in the first 6 months of life. Microscopically, large polygonal epithelioid cells resembling melanocytes, with variable deposits of melanin, and smaller neuroblast-like round cells characterize MNTI. Malignant transformation may occur. The tumor was first described by Krompecher in 1918 as a congenital melanocarcinoma. In 1992, the designation "MNTI" was accepted by and used in the World Health Organization classification of odontogenic tumors. One such case was diagnosed in the department of oral pathology and microbiology and is presented.

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The loss of a part of the face, particularly the eye, requires early replacement and hence that the patient may return to a normal life. The maxillofacial defect causes esthetic, functional, and psychological difficulties for the patient. Although most ocular prostheses can be made from a prefabricated artificial eye, customized ocular prostheses offer better esthetics. This article describes the fabrication of a custom ocular prosthesis where a prefabricated iris was modified to fit into a custom-made scleral portion of prostheses. The time for fabrication of prosthesis was less and good esthetics was achieved.

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Skeletal Class II malocclusion with mandibular deficiency is one of the most common skeletal problems encountered in growing individuals. Correction of mandibular deficiency in a skeletal Class II patient with a vertical growth pattern poses a great challenge. The control of vertical dimension becomes very important as downward and backward rotation of mandible will exaggerate the facial convexity. This case report describes the functional jaw orthopedic treatment of a vertically growing female with mandibular deficiency. Activator-headgear combination was used for skeletal correction which was followed by fixed mechanotherapy.

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Odontodysplasia is the developmental anomaly caused due to disturbances in the ectodermal and mesodermal component of the tooth. Although it involves multiple teeth in a quadrant, the involvement of a single tooth germ is very rare. The present report is a case of odontodysplasia involving a single maxillary central incisor.

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The most commonly seen intraoral defect is the one affecting the maxilla, through an opening into the nasopharynx. These defects can either be congenital or acquired. These are usually large openings in the palate and/or the surrounding structures. Obturators are used to close or seal these defects to restore proper mastication, speech, deglutition, and esthetics. This article presents case reports describing two different techniques for fabricating hollow bulb oburator.

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Background: The potential for regeneration is demonstrated using variety of biodegradable and nonbiodegradable membranes. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the clinical results of guided tissue regeneration using Surgicel ^® as graft material and as barrier membrane. Materials and Methods: The present study was a split mouth design, where 10 systemically healthy patients aged (20-45 years) with 20 similar, two walled or three walled intraosseous defects were selected and randomly divided into control and test sites. In control site only open flap debridement was carried out and test site received oxidized regenerated cellulose (Surgicel ^® ) as barrier membrane and as graft. Clinical recordings assessed at baseline and 6 months postoperatively. Results: The results indicated that, reduction of probing pocket depth and gain in clinical attachment level were significant within control site and test site, when compared between control and test no statistically significant difference was found. For gingival recession, no statistically significant difference was observed in between the study group. Conclusion: Results show that Surgicel ^® had less regenerative potential as a barrier membrane and as graft in the technique of guided tissue regeneration.

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Background: The Dental Council of India, in 2010, had changed the curriculum from the four years and one-year internship course to a five-year course without internship. Later in 2011, the Dental Council of India gave the liberty to individual universities to decide upon a comprehensive five-year course without internship or a BDS course of four years and one-year internship. Aim: To gauge the overall attitude of students toward revision of the BDS curriculum as well as to determine whether a five-year system or a four years and one-year internship system was more acceptable. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional survey was carried out using a self-administered pretested questionnaire on 178 dental undergraduate students of the third and fourth years of the A. B. Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences, Nitte University, Mangalore, Karnataka, India. The questionnaire comprised of sociodemographic details and 10 questions on the perception and opinion of students toward the change in curriculum. The questionnaire was a close-ended questionnaire. The data was entered into the Microsoft Excel for Windows. Descriptive analysis was carried out for the present study and was presented as a number and percentage. Comparison of the mean scores across genders and year of study was done using the unpaired t test. Results: A total of 178 students participated in the survey. All the students felt that internship was vital to the BDS course and 98% of them wanted to revert back to the four and one-year internship system. The third and fourth year dental students were content with the present four and one-year BDS curriculum and were apprehensive about any changes in the present system. Conclusion: Students considered that one year's internship was vital in the BDS course.

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While providing the oral healthcare services, a dentist has to follow certain set of standards to avoid any litigation in the name of malpractice. Consent is a fundamental and established principle in the Indian Law. Not taking consent is considered as deficiency in medical services. Medical records are documentary evidence as per the Indian Evidence Act, 1872. A dental professional is bound by law and ethics while providing treatment to his patients. Disclosure of complete information that is necessary to the patient regarding the treatment is essential to avoid any clauses of negligence against the doctor, even if there is no contract between the doctor and patient. Healthcare malpractice can be challenged under two main categories in the court of law, that is, civil and criminal depending on the nature of offence. A third category lies under consumer protection act, 1986, where professional services provided by the dentist can be challenged. Professional indemnity insurance also known as 'Defense Costs' will pay all the costs, fees, and expenses incurred with their prior consent in the investigation, defense, or settlement of any claim made against the insured.While providing the oral healthcare services, a dentist has to follow certain set of standards to avoid any litigation in the name of malpractice. Consent is a fundamental and established principle in the Indian Law. Not taking consent is considered as deficiency in medical services. Medical records are documentary evidence as per the Indian Evidence Act, 1872. A dental professional is bound by law and ethics while providing treatment to his patients. Disclosure of complete information that is necessary to the patient regarding the treatment is essential to avoid any clauses of negligence against the doctor, even if there is no contract between the doctor and patient. Healthcare malpractice can be challenged under two main categories in the court of law, that is, civil and criminal depending on the nature of offence. A third category lies under consumer protection act, 1986, where professional services provided by the dentist can be challenged. Professional indemnity insurance also known as 'Defense Costs' will pay all the costs, fees, and expenses incurred with their prior consent in the investigation, defense, or settlement of any claim made against the insured.

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Periodontal research is increasing nowadays. Various number of scientific papers are published highlighting the various aspects of periodontal research methodology. There are still current issues which need to be emphasized in both basic and clinical periodontal research methodology. The purpose of this review paper is to summarize the unresolved issues pertaining to prevalence, etiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis and therapy in periodontology.

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