Clinicians are regularly confronted with different choices after failure of root canal treatment. As patients increasingly express a preference for retaining their natural dentition and further endodontic treatment is feasible Non-surgical Retreatment should be the treatment option considered. systematic search was conducted in the Pubmed, Medline, and Indmed Databases with appropriate key words related to Non-Surgical Retreatment. A hand search of Journals and textbooks and manufacturers of instruments were contacted. The new generation of Endodontic instruments, magnification, materials, technology with the basic principles of endodontic retreatment have helped in retention of the patients natural tooth structure to form and function decreasing the need for extensively expensive prosthetic replacement in the area of Implant dentistry. A willingness and open-mindedness to hybridize various techniques may result in a more effective endodontic outcome. Surgical approach can be adopted in obstructed, calcified or non-negotiable canals.

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Background: Inferior alveolar nerve [IAN] Block is the most commonly used technique to anesthetize the mandibular teeth, gingival tissues, and mucosa anterior to mental foramen. Several failures are observed in the current techniques due to technical difficulties and non reliable landmarks. A simple technique with higher success rate is essential and fundamental. Aims and objective: The objective of this study was to find an Inferior Alveolar Nerve block with easier technique and simple reliable landmark, which has higher success rate.. Material and methods: This study was based on the experience gained from 400 patients, 200 male and 200 female, age 30 to 60 years, scheduled for lower teeth extractions and who have given their informed consent to participate. Results: In 382 patients the symptoms of inferior alveolar nerve anesthesia developed in 1st nerve block. The technique proved to be effective in 95% of the cases. Conclusion: The Inferior Dental nerve anesthetic technique using internal oblique ridge as main landmark is an appropriate alternative option to anesthetize inferior alveolar nerve.

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Periodontal abscess is a bacterial infection that most often develops in the periodontium, a supporting structure that is between the teeth and the gums. It can also develop elsewhere but at first doesn't affect the main structure of the tooth, though it can cause tooth pain. Other symptoms besides the gum boil could occur, and they may include discomfort chewing on the side of the mouth where it is present or a sensation of pain at all times. Gum boils can rupture or they can simply enlarge. It's also possible for the periodontal abscess to spread to the mouth or sinuses during rupture or prior and cause a much more complicated condition. This is a report of one such case of a periodontal abscess which presented as a swelling on the left side of the cheek in a forty eight year old man. We present this as a rare case.

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Introduction: Condylar fractures are one of the commonest fractures account for 25-35% of all mandibular fractures. In our study we analyzed the advantages, disadvantages ,ease of exposure and complications in various surgical approaches for open reduction and internal fixation of displaced mandibular condyle fracture with miniplates fixation. Aims & objectives: The aim of our study was to analyze the various surgical approaches used for open reduction and internal fixation of mandibular condyle fracture. Materials & method: We selected a total of 7 patients with condylar fractures in which 4 males and 3 females selected randomly. Age of these patients ranged from 21-27years. 3 patients had left condyle fracture associated with right parasymphysis, 2 were isolated condylar fractures and 2 bilateral condyle fractures. Results: A total number of 7 patients were taken for our study purpose and the results were analyzed based on the ease and access to the mandibular condyle with various approach and its surgical complications. Conclusion: In our study of 7 cases of condylar fractures at various levels and different kind of displacement and deviation were treated by ORIF by using 5 different approaches. Highcondylar fractures and intra capsular fractures can be approached through pre-auricular incision, endaural incision,modified Blair incision. Subcondylar fractureand ramus fracture can be approached through retromandibular, modified retromandibular and Modified blair incision.

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Mobile fibrous tissue in the anterior region of the maxillae may offer inadequate support for a complete denture and result in reduced stability and retention. This condition is normally caused by localized loading when the complete maxillary denture is opposed by natural anterior teeth and an absence of posterior natural or artificial teeth. The presence of displaceable denture-bearing tissues often presents a difficulty when making complete dentures. Unless managed appropriately, such 'flabby ridges' adversely affect the support, retention and stability of complete dentures. Many impression techniques have been proposed to help overcome this difficulty. The technique described a two stage impression procedure in a conventional base modified over the area of the fibrous tissue.

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Aim: To study the relationship between the amount of incisor retraction and the changes in soft tissue profile during orthodontic treatment involving extraction of first premolars in south Indian female orthodontic patients . Materials and methods : Pre- and Post-treatment Lateral Cephalograms of30 female orthodontic patients with class I or class II division 1 malocclusion treated with premolar extraction in maxillary and mandibular archwere analysed and compared. Results: Significant positive correlations were found between retraction of the maxillary and mandibular incisors with that of upper and lower lip soft tissue retraction. On an average 2.9 ± 2.8 mm maxillary incisor retraction resulted in 0.9 ± 1.7mm upper lip retraction. Similarly 1.6 ± 2.0 mm mandibular incisor retraction caused 1.1 ± 2.7 mm lower lip retraction. The ratio of maxillary incisor retraction to upper lip soft tissue retraction was 3:1 and mandibular incisor retraction to lower lip retraction was 1.5: 1.A significant increase in upper and lower lip thickness and length occurred with incisor retraction. The lower anterior face height and lower soft tissue component also increased following maxillary incisor retraction. The ratio between the increase in soft and hard tissue lower facial height was 0.7:1. Maxillary incisor retraction also produced an average increase in nasolabial angle. Conclusion: In south Indian females, a strong correlation exists between anterior tooth retraction and the position and configuration of both lips.

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Fibrous dysplasia is a non-neoplastic hamartomatous fibro osseous lesion of bone. It is characterized by progressive replacement of normal bone elements by fibrous tissue. Here we present a similar case report of a 12-year-old boy who came with a swelling on left side of cheek.

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The efficacy of an orthodontic bonding material containing fluoridein preventing enamel decalcification around orthodontic brackets depends on the amount of fluoride released by the material. Aim: The purpose of the study is to evaluate the amount of fluoride release from two fluoride containing orthodontic bonding materials and to compare it with a composite resin control. Materials and methods: Twenty sample discs were fabricated from each material using a split mold following manufacturer's instruction for curing and stored in distilled water and artificial saliva in an incubator at 37΀C and 100% relative humidity. The amount of fluoride released into the storage medium was measured using a Fluoride ion-specific combination electrode every day in the first week and end of every week for 3 weeks, and again at the end of 30 days. To prevent the cumulative effect the storage media was changed 24 hours before every measurement. Results: Statistically significant differences were found between the fluoride release rates of the three bonding materials evaluated. The resin- modified glass ionomer cement released the maximum amount of fluoride throughout the study both in distilled water and artificial saliva, followed by the polyacid modified composite resin and composite resin. Conclusion: The resin- modified glass ionomer cement and polyacid modified composite resin released sufficient amount of fluoride within the proposed effective range for inhibition of enamel demineralization reported in the literature. Further studies and clinical trials should be conducted to assess the long term benefits and efficiency before recommending these materials as suitable fluoride releasing orthodontic bonding materials.

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Aim and objectives: oral health is an important aspect of general health in special children and impacts the quality of life and health outcomes. The role of the special educators has become more imperative in promoting oral health care in special children. The aim of this study was to evaluate the teaching modalities adopted by trainers to educate special children. Materials and methods: An interview was conducted to 40 special trainers with a set of structured questionnaires to gain information about the methods adopted by them to train special children and also to find out their level of awareness about the importance of maintaining good oral health and dental treatment. Results and conclusion: The knowledge and awareness about oral hygiene that is to be instructed for special children is well known by the trainers and almost 80% of the trainers implement it in their daily practice. They use different techniques in training the special children and group them according to their condition and train as per their requirements. Dentists can adopt trainers methodology of teaching special children during critical times.

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Nanotechnology is much more than the study of small things. It is the research and development of materials, devices, and systems exhibiting physical, chemical, and biological properties that are different from those found on a larger scale. Nanotechnology can be best understood as a broad collection of technologies from diverse fields such as physics, materials science, engineering, chemistry, biochemistry, medicine, and optics each of which may have different characteristics and applications. About 80% of Indian adults have some form of dental disease. There are a variety of new dental products available, ranging from implants to oral hygiene products that rely on nanoscale properties. This paper deals with in depth analyses and development of nano hydroxyapatite and its various applications in periodontics such as bone grafting, tissue engineering, drug delivery. This article also includes studies of new products blocking dentine tubules to alleviate hypersensitivity, drug delivery systems, periodontal bone defect systems, characterizing nanoparticle coated dental implants.

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The restoration of severely caries primary teeth is a challenge to the pediatric dentist. The premature loss of these teeth can cause mastication and phonetic alterations, unaesthetic appearance and aberrant habits. This may lead to malocclusion and psychological problems affecting the self-esteem of the child. Hence importance should be given for restoration and maintenance of these teeth. Here we explain the present clinical cases of successful restoration using omega shape stainless steel wire of such severely mutilated deciduous teeth.

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The favorable effect of implant therapeutics depends upon perfect treatment planning and precisely performed surgery. Globally, it is accepted that position of implant must be driven prosthodontically. Henceforth fabrication and use of templates prior to implant placement have become involuntary. The application of acrylic resin for the template is a conventionally accepted procedure. The acknowledgement of certain pitfalls of acrylic resin has permitted other materials to characterize in the field. This article describes a technique for fabrication of radiographic template using polyvinyl siloxane material for partially edentulous condition.

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Amelogenesis imperfecta is a group of hereditary disorder without systemic involvement. Restoration of dentition with this disorder involves both esthetic and functional rehabilitation to improve the psychological status of the patient. This article describes about the various steps in full mouth rehabilitation of a 21-year old male patient with Amelogenesis Imperfecta.

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This article details a technique to restore soft tissue esthetics in the anterior mandibular region following Zirconia implant therapy in a 40 year old male patient. The morbidity of gingival soft tissue and failure to adapt itself around the abutment lead to un-esthetic appearance in the anterior region. Gingiva coloured acrylic removable prosthesis was fabricated to replicate the gingival margin position and to achieve high esthetic results. This method may be considered a minimally invasive alternate treatment method for gingival soft tissue loss, providing esthetic results and patient satisfaction in a less time consuming manner.

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Adenomatoid odontogenic tumour [AOT] is a relatively uncommon odontogenic tumour first described by Steensland in 1905. Adenomatoid odontogenic tumour accounts for about -7% of all odontogenic tumours, predominantly found in young female patients, located more often in maxilla and associated with an unerupted permanent tooth. The tumour is often misdiagnosed as an odontogenic cyst. AOT frequently resembles other odontogenic lesions such as dentigerous cysts or ameloblastomas. Therefore, it should be distinguished from the more common lesions of odontogenic origin in routine dental examinations. Here we present a rare case report of a 10- year-old female patient of AOT occurring in the mandible.

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Records of the replacement of lost teeth by artificial means reach back into ancient times. Earliest efforts probably applied only to a few teeth, served principally to repair damaged appearance and to restore the facility of normal speech. As time went on, the scope and function of dental prosthetic appliances were gradually increased. Impelled, most likely by the same ambitions which prompt modern invention and research, dental prosthesis, together with all other branches of dentistry, slowly grew to its present stage of development.

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We present a case of swelling in the right submandibular and sublingual space caused by displacement of a lower third molar tooth fragment in the submandibular space. This displacement was not recognised at the time of extraction or even on review. The techniques used to minimise the risk of accidental displacement of teeth and roots, during surgical extraction are discussed. The importance of recognising this complication and methods of retrieval are highlighted.

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Dental practitioners routinely use gloves made of latex while treating patients. Latex is also seen in masks, eye wear, clinic gowns as well as a constituent of many house hold products and medical devices. Exposure to latex proteins and chemicals associated with these materials can give rise to allergic responses in individuals who are sensitive to NRL proteins. The adverse latex reactions range from contact dermatitis to life threatening anaphylaxis. This article provides the reader with a review of latex allergy which throws light on its clinical presentation, diagnosis, prevention and management.

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The sinus graft procedure has become a standard treatment modality in augmenting pneumatized sinuses for implant therapy in the posterior maxillae. Perforation of the Schneiderian membrane is one of the major complications during sinus lift procedures resulting in unfavourable graft remodelling and secondary complications such as bleeding and sinus infections . In the present case series, piezo surgical techniques were applied for sinus augmentation in three patients: Case 1 and 2 received a sinus graft with simultaneous implant placement while Case 3 received sinus graft alone for future implant placement. The immediate post surgical review showed minimal inflammatory reaction and 6 weeks review showed excellent wound healing and optimal patient comfort. 6 month post-operative review revealed favourable bone fill and successful osseointegration in the implant sites.

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Root sensitivity is a common clinical presentation which can be a challenge to clinicians to manage it effectively. The management of this requires a good understanding of the complexity of the problem and appropriate therapeutic strategies. This review intents to discuss root sensitivity in detail including aetiology, theories, assessment techniques, decision making and various management strategies, from periodontal practitioner's perspective. A wide literature database inclusive of electronic databases and hand searched literature including text books and journals were consulted for the review.

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