Background: Barrier to client-initiated voluntary counselling and test. (VCT) which exists in many places in Nigeria creates additional opportunity for provider.initiated VCT. Aim: To determine the prevalence of undiagnosed human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection among dental patients in a missionary hospital in Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study was conducted in a Pentecostal missionary hospital in Benin City. The data of interest which included age, gender, occupation, primary reason for dental attendance, primary diagnosis, and HIV status were collected from the case notes with self-designed pro forma. The obtained data were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics version 21.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY). Results: Out of the 613 cases assessed, 7 of them were HIV-positive giving a prevalence of 1.14%. The HIV-positive patients were aged between 11 and 50 years. More females (1.5%) than males (0.7%) were HIV-positive. HIV-positive patients were involved in diverse occupations ranging from schooling, business, and clergy to professionals. The patients whose primary reason for dental attendance was toothache had the highest prevalence of HIV and those with primary diagnosis as periodontitis had the highest prevalence of HIV. Conclusion: Data from this study revealed the one out of approximately every 88 patients attending the Dental healthcare setting Clinics in Benin City, Edo State, had undiagnosed HIV.positive status. The affected patients who were more females than male and aged between 11 and 50. years had their major presenting complaints and diagnosis as toothache and periodontitis, respectively. Dental health.care setting may serve as a provider.initiated VCT center for ambulatory patients.

Aim: The aim of this study is to investigate the attitudes and practices of dentists from Ahmedabad with respect to their roles in tobacco cessation counselling and to find the barriers to such activity that prevents them to do so. Materials and Methods: A total of 150 dentists of Ahmedabad city were contacted at their dental office. The questionnaire was given to them and the responses were recorded. The questionnaire comprised of demographic details and 13-item questionnaire related to attitudes, practices, and barriers among dentists for tobacco cessation counselling. The frequencies of the responses were calculated, and the variables were compared using Chi-square test. Results: A total of 121 questionnaires were returned with the response rate of 80.66%. Out of 121 respondents, 60 (49.6%) were male dentists and 61 (50.4%) were female dentists. Age of dentists varied from 23 to 46 years, with mean age of 31.21 ± 7.31 years. Most of the dentists strongly believed that it is their responsibility to educate the patients regarding tobacco cessation counselling. More than half of the participant dentists do satisfactory tobacco cessation counselling during their dental practice. They feel restrained when it comes to prescribing nicotine replacement therapy. The lack of proper training was found to be the major barrier for tobacco cessation counselling. Conclusion: Dentist has a positive attitude for tobacco cessation counselling, but lack of proper training is a significant barrier for their failure. Hence, dentists should be given proper training for tobacco cessation counselling during their studies or continuing dental education programs should be arranged.

Introduction: There are a multitude of factors that may lead to a reduction of the diagnostic quality of panoramic radiographs. Errors in taking radiographs increase patient's radiation exposure, and also waste time and money. Inspecting the frequency and mechanism of producing errors will result in less retakes. Therefore, the aim of the study is to identify the most common positioning and technical errors in the panoramic radiographs taken in department of oral Medicine and Radiology of our institute. Materials and Methods: 2000 panoramic radiographs were photographed and reviewed under identical conditions, on a computer screen. Radiographs were evaluated by oral and maxillofacial radiologist, and frequency of errors was recorded. Results: Out of 2000 Panoramic radiographs there were 220 radiographs (11%) which were error free and 1780 radiographs (89%) with errors. The most common error observed in this sample was failure to place the tongue on the palate (48.7%) followed by chin tipped too low or too high (21.1%). Dark room errors accounted for 2.7% radiographs due to the processing errors resulting as dark and light radiographs as well scratches on them. The least frequent errors observed were the presence of radio-opaque artifacts caused by failure to remove metallic accessories, prostheses and the use of the lead apron during exposure and processing error (2.4%). Few radiographs had more than one error. Conclusion: Frequency of errors seen on panoramic radiographs are relatively high, thus training the operators, discussing the technical errors in case of occurrence are highly essential to maximize the quality of panoramic radiographs. Also clinicians need to be able to recognize the cause of the various film faults so that appropriate corrective action can be taken.

Context: Caries is one of the devastating problems affecting the dental hard tissue structure. It may infect both spontaneously conceived and in vitro fertilization (IVF) children. Aims: This study was aimed to evaluate and compare the prevalence of dental caries status affecting deciduous, mixed, and permanent dentition of IVF and spontaneously conceived children of West Bengal utilizing caries assessment spectrum and treatment (CAST). Settings and Design: In a cross-sectional case-control study of dental caries status of 3–14-year-old children were evaluated. The case group consisted of term, singleton babies who were the consequence of IVF in the studied area in 2012–2013. Subjects and Methods: The control group was consisted of term, first child, singleton, and spontaneously conceived 3–14-year-old children who were also a resident of our mentioned studied area. A sample of 351 IVF and 351 spontaneously conceived children was examined. Statistical Analysis Used: Statistical analysis was carried out using Chi-square tests or Z-test. Results: Statistically significant difference found in studied, i.e., IVF children and control group, i.e. spontaneously conceived children. Conclusions: IVF children are considered better than spontaneously conceived children when studied in relation to dental caries status evaluated through CAST.

Background: Dental anxiety is often reported as a cause of irregular attendance, delay in seeking dental care, or even avoidance of seeking dental care, resulting in a poor oral health-related quality of life. Aim: To assess the dental anxiety levels and factors associated with it among patients attending a dental teaching institute in Himachal Pradesh. Methods: A cross-sectional questionnaire study was conducted on a sample of 246 subjects. The dental anxiety was measured by Modified Dental Anxiety Scale. (MDAS). The questionnaire consisted of questions on various demographic factors, experience about dental treatments, and various questions as mentioned MDAS. Data were analyzed by SPSS package 16. Tests used were t-test and analysis of variance. A P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The prevalence of dental anxiety was 29.2%. The mean dental anxiety score was 9.22. ± 4.5. Females, those residing in villages, those who had past negative dental history, and students were significantly associated with dental anxiety. On multiple logistic regression analysis, only gender and residence were the strong predictors of association. There was a strong association between dental anxiety and postponement of treatment. Conclusion: The anxiety levels are low among the present population as compared to other states of India. However, we should try to prevent the dental anxiety among patients as dental anxiety leads to postponement of treatment, which ultimately affects the oral health-related quality of life.

Changes in ambient pressure occur during flying, diving, or hyperbaric oxygen therapy and can cause different types of pathophysiological conditions and pain including a toothache known as barodontalgia. Barodontalgia is a symptom that reflects a flare up of pre existing sub clinical oral disease. Deep sea divers, aircrew members, and passengers are at increased risk of experiencing barodontalgia due to exposure to increased air pressure. The key to avoid barodontalgia is good oral health. Hence, it is important for dentists to understand the etiology and features of barodontalgia to prevent it. Clinicians must pay close attention to areas of dentin exposure, caries, fractured cusps, the integrity of restorations, and periapical pathology in those at.risk. This article reviews the literature regarding barodontalgia, its etiology, features, prevention, and focuses on those untouched aspects of barodontalgia which are to be paid attention.

Nanotechnology, the term currently revolutionized the research field associated to particles at nanometer scale (1–100 nm). Nanoparticles (NPs) can occur naturally be industrially engineered or exist as byproducts. With their greater surface to volume ratio, these materials are more reactive as compared to non nanoscale particles. This unique property makes these materials as fillers/modifier of choice in different products and materials, whereby they play a vital role in improving the properties. Silver NPs find use in many devices that are used in medical procedures, in therapies and molecular diagnostics, including dentistry. However, the recent studies showed concern about environmental and health associated risks with their use.

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is one of the leading cancers in India and Asian countries. Tumorigenesis has been linked to abnormalities in molecular regulatory machinery. Traditional factors such as tumor size, neck node status, and presence of distant metastasis staging, histological grading, and depth of invasion are currently used to predict the outcome of OSCC. However, these seem to be of limited value. Recent work indicates that morphological and molecular characteristics of tumor cells at invasive tumor front (ITF) underlie biological aggressiveness of oral cancer. Recent advances in molecular biology have facilitated analysis of the critical component of cancer progression. The degree of expression of various molecules provides reliable prognostic and predictive information. Predicting prognosis and clinical outcome of patient is very important for developing an effective therapeutic strategy. This paper provides an overview of the cellular activities and molecular interactions of the complex biology of tumor progression, invasion, and metastasis with focus on ITF.

Chronic recurrent subluxation of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is known to have repeated episodes of joint dislocation, which are self-reducible in nature. Subluxation of TMJ accounts to multifactorial etiology. Accordingly, various treatment modalities have been postulated and performed to achieve functional outcomes for the patient. Conservative, surgical, and various treatment options have been discussed in the literature to correct the same. Glenotemporal osteotomy has been one such treatment modality to treat recurrent subluxation or dislocation of the jaws. This is a case report on a recurrent subluxating condyle treated by glenotemporal osteotomy with interpositional bone graft from the symphysis region.

Cleft lip and palate is one of the most common congenital deformities of the head and neck region. The prevalence of cleft lip and palate depends on racial, ethnic, geographic origin, and socioeconomic status. It is estimated that isolated cleft lip occurs in 20–30%, cleft lip along with palate occur in 35.50% and isolated palate in 30–45% of cases. It affects the psychological, social, and mental well-being. It is considered as a social stigma and has poor acceptance with a negative perception. These patients require a multidisciplinary approach and aged specific treatment plan. Early repair of cleft lip is advocated for making the child acceptable to the parents and relatives as well as to the society. It also helps in the feeding of the child. There are various techniques for repair of the complete unilateral cleft lip. Almost all techniques continue to leave behind some amount of dissatisfaction. Even today most of the surgeons like to use Millard's technique or its modifications. Here, we present two cases of a newly developed technique utilizing both Millard and Pfeifer incision. For assessment of the success of the technique, we evaluated the vermilion match, lip length, nasal symmetry, white roll match, and postoperative scar after 6 months of primary lip closure. At 6^th month follow-up, we found the overall result was average for both the cases. (minor deformities which can be corrected by lip revision procedure). As this technique is based on the principle of rotation and elongation, we found that this technique allowed tension free closure of the cleft lip even when both the patients had a wide cleft of the lip. This technique addresses the overall anatomy of cleft lip including nasal region. The incision marking is such that rhinoseptoplasty and alar cinch suturing can be done without making any new incision.

Herpes zoster (HZ) has long been considered as a disease of immunocompromised elders. It is usually caused by the revitalized varicella; remaining dormant within the sensory ganglia of sacral dermatomes since an early childhood stint at chickenpox. Trigeminal nerve is rather uncommonly infested. Characteristic zoster lesions appear as unilateral mucocutaneous vesiculobullous rashes, preceded by intense radiating neuralgic pain for few days. This article emphasizes on an immunocompetent man, in his early sixties, presenting with two painful leukoplakic patches over buccal mucosa as the sole manifestation of HZ.

Double teeth are developmental malformations affecting both primary and permanent dentition. This article describes primary double teeth in both the siblings of a family. A 5-year-old boy had a bilateral distribution of anomaly involving lower lateral incisor and canine. Radiographic analysis revealed that his right mandibular permanent lateral incisor was missing. His sister, a 3½-year-old girl, also had double teeth affecting mandibular left lateral incisor and canine. She displayed no other dental anomaly. The boy presented shovel-shaped maxillary permanent central incisors. Family involvement of double teeth is very rare. Double teeth in siblings and simultaneous occurrence of multiple dental anomalies probably show a hereditary etiology.

Maxillary anterior teeth play an important role in esthetics, speech, smile, and self-esteem of an individual. Although a clinician can restore missing teeth with artificial teeth, the importance of natural teeth in patient's overall personality cannot be ignored. The present article elucidates a technique for fabrication of immediate removable partial denture prosthesis using natural teeth to enhance esthetics and confidence of the patient.

Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the most frequent malignant neoplasm affecting structures of the oral mucosa, which accounts for more than 90% of all malignant lesions in the mouth. Carcinomas of the gingiva are a unique subset of oral SCC (OSCC), constituting approximately 10% of OSCCs and tend to present as having benign features, and of all the intraoral carcinomas, gingival OSCC is least associated with tobacco abuse and has the greatest predilection for females. They can mimic a multitude of oral lesions, especially those of inflammatory origin with benign features, often leading to delay in the diagnosis, and hence delayed treatment. We are reporting a case of gingival SCC in a 35-year-old female patient who presented with a peripheral growth in the left mandibular gingiva.

Supernumerary teeth are present in addition to the normal complement of teeth in permanent or deciduous dentitions. Incidence is high in a permanent dentition, affecting both the gender. They are more common in males, with the male to female ratio of 2:1. When the supernumerary teeth are causing problems such as, extensive resorption of adjacent teeth, hindering the eruption or malposition of permanent teeth, early surgical intervention is recommended. A case of bilaterally impacted supernumerary premolars was reported, when an orthopantomograph view was taken that revealed the presence of additional teeth impacted in relation to 35-36 and 45-46. Literature reports increased occurrence of the supernumeraries in the maxilla, but supernumerary premolars are more likely to develop in the mandible. Etiology of supernumerary teeth is ambiguous, and is due to the following conditions: Atavism or reversion, heredity, aberrations during embryologic formation, progress zone, and unified etiologic explanation.

Extraction of maxillary third molar always comes as a challenge for any dental practitioner owing to its limited accessibility and minimal space for instrument placement. Moreover, the complications related to faulty extraction technique can never be ignored. We have here described a simple and easy method of extraction of the maxillary third molar tooth using hockey stick elevators which can solve most of the problems that are faced by dental surgeons in the extraction of maxillary third molars. This technique has proved its efficacy and has been time tested for removal of a maxillary third molar providing a good alternative for routine extraction techniques of maxillary third molars.